Validation
How close is
the fast model?
The fast model reads only the propeller label: diameter, pitch, blade count and family. Here is how far its results differ from measurements and from the full model.
These numbers describe this model and this engine build.
APC Thin Electric, Sport and Slow Flyer, compared with measurements. The full model is scored on the same propellers.
Hover, climb, angled flow, coaxial stacks and descent, compared with the full model. These comparisons have no measurements.
01 / Against the wind tunnel
Thrust and power.
Both models, same propellers.
Both models were compared with the same measurements at the same RPM and airspeed, on the same 75 propellers. You can compare the bars directly.
Average difference from measurement
Smaller is closer. All bars use the same 0–50% scale.
APC Thin Electric
11 propellers in this test subset
APC Sport
10 propellers in this test subset
APC Slow Flyer
4 propellers in this test subset
A 10% average difference means the predictions differed from the measurements by 10% on average. Individual errors can be larger. These percentages leave out near-zero measurements. Each bar marks the wind tunnel’s own uncertainty: about half a percent (Brandt 2005, Table 3.1). The differences shown are the model’s.
02 / Against the full model
Difference from
the full model.
Thrust, torque and in-plane force in angled flow, in coaxial stacks and in descent are compared against the production Full model, not against measurements. No measured angled-flow or coaxial propeller data exists in this repository, so these rows say how far the two models are apart, not how far either is from reality. The axial rows above are measurements against wind-tunnel data.
Average difference from the full model
Same shaft speed and airspeed, averaged over rotors. All bars use the same 0–60% scale.
Hover
6 conditions
Climb
6 conditions
Angled flow
24 conditions
Coaxial stack
288 conditions
Descent
240 conditions
Descent, vortex-ring band
84 conditions
These bars show differences between two models. Each bar averages the absolute difference over rotors, regardless of direction. The shaded band behind each bar is the full model’s own average error against measurements, for that same quantity: thrust 13.9% on the performance test group and 35.0% on the separate test group, shaft power 23.9% and 34.6% on the same two groups. Compare the differences with the full model’s own measured error. A rotor carrying less than 10% of its own static thrust is left out of the thrust percentages, and less than 14% of its static torque out of the torque percentages, the same rule the release reports use for near-zero measurements. The newton and newton-metre columns in the table below leave nothing out.
Both models now apply the same vortex-ring correction at each blade station. Before this release, the full model had no such correction. This page now compares the fast model with the full model that simulations run. Earlier versions compared it with a form of the full model that simulations do not use. Outside the vortex-ring band, the average difference in thrust between the two models is 9.50%. The earlier comparison gave 10.97%.
Using the results
Know what the evidence covers.
Compared with measurements
Propeller thrust and shaft power in axial flight, on catalog propellers whose labels are known. The tables below give the tested sizes, RPM ranges and flight conditions.
Compared with the full model only
Angled flow, coaxial stacks and descent have no measured propeller data here. Those rows show how far the models differ. They do not establish either model’s accuracy.
Use the fast model to narrow your choices.
It gives results in milliseconds from a label. Use it to compare candidates, then check the shortlist with the full model and measure the final setup.
User-supplied and custom components
The figures here cover catalog propellers whose labels are known. For a custom propeller, the model uses the label you enter. These figures do not establish the accuracy of your inputs. Check your label and measure the final setup before relying on an absolute performance prediction.
What counted as passing
These limits were set before the model produced a number. They are published unchanged. A missed limit is reported as missed.
- Static thrust: the middle propeller within ±5% of the measured value, half of all propellers within 12%, and at least 75% of them within 20%.
- Forward flight: the middle propeller within ±10%, and half of all propellers within 16%.
- Angled flow, coaxial stacks and descent: the bands in the operating-condition table below, against the full model.
- Static thrust: met. Across 75 propellers the middle one is -4.04%, half are within 6.268% and 96% are within 20%.
- Forward flight: missed. Across 75 propellers the middle one is -11.3%, half are within 11.49% and 72% are within 20%. The limit it missed: median -11.3% is outside the registered -10% to +10%.
- Against the full model: missed. Conditions fall outside the registered limit in 4 of the scored groups. The table below gives the counts and the largest difference in each.
a band that is missed is published as missed; no coefficient, default or band is changed to meet one after the fact
What the fast model reads, and what it ignores
The fast model builds a blade from its label: diameter, pitch, blade count and family. It does not read stored blade geometry, a scanned planform or a section shape. It runs a simulation in milliseconds instead of seconds. The full model reads the measured blade and its sections. Every accuracy figure published before this report describes the full model.
Known limits
- A label gives no section shape. The model uses a typical cambered hobby section; one degree of zero-lift angle is worth about six percent of static thrust.
- The printed pitch means different things by brand. The family preset uses the middle of the range; a particular brand can be ten percent away in cruise.
- Results inside the vortex-ring band carry a descent flag from either model. The average difference in thrust inside the band is 21.29%. The earlier comparison gave 24.97%. This still misses the 1% limit. Neither model has been checked against wind-tunnel data in descent; no measured descent data exists.
- The model ignores blade geometry and scanned planforms. Each result says which model produced it.
Validated envelope
| Scope | Family | Count | Diameter (in) | RPM | Advance ratio | Pitch/diameter |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propeller | APC Slow Flyer | 11 | 8.0–11.0 | 1,666–7,018 | 0.00–1.07 | 0.35–0.83 |
| Propeller | APC Sport | 30 | 7.0–14.0 | 1,374–7,082 | 0.00–1.55 | 0.27–1.29 |
| Propeller | APC Thin Electric | 34 | 8.0–21.0 | 960–7,547 | 0.00–1.23 | 0.44–1.00 |
Axial accuracy against the wind tunnel
| Scope | Channel | Partition | Configuration | Family | n | MAE | RMSE | Bias | R² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno | Production configuration | APC Thin Electric | 1,542 | 0.008928 | 0.01093 | -0.006108 | 0.9220 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno | Production configuration | APC Thin Electric | 1,542 | 0.005771 | 0.008071 | -0.004359 | 0.8315 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno | Physics-only configuration | APC Thin Electric | 1,542 | 0.008928 | 0.01093 | -0.006108 | 0.9220 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno | Physics-only configuration | APC Thin Electric | 1,542 | 0.005771 | 0.008071 | -0.004359 | 0.8315 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno | Production configuration | All | 1,542 | 0.008928 | 0.01093 | -0.006108 | 0.9220 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno | Production configuration | All | 1,542 | 0.005771 | 0.008071 | -0.004359 | 0.8315 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno | Physics-only configuration | All | 1,542 | 0.008928 | 0.01093 | -0.006108 | 0.9220 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno | Physics-only configuration | All | 1,542 | 0.005771 | 0.008071 | -0.004359 | 0.8315 |
| Propeller | CT | UIUC wind tunnel | Production configuration | APC Slow Flyer | 461 | 0.01167 | 0.01379 | -0.009626 | 0.9318 |
| Propeller | CP | UIUC wind tunnel | Production configuration | APC Slow Flyer | 461 | 0.01339 | 0.01595 | -0.01319 | 0.6778 |
| Propeller | CT | UIUC wind tunnel | Physics-only configuration | APC Slow Flyer | 461 | 0.01167 | 0.01379 | -0.009626 | 0.9318 |
| Propeller | CP | UIUC wind tunnel | Physics-only configuration | APC Slow Flyer | 461 | 0.01339 | 0.01595 | -0.01319 | 0.6778 |
| Propeller | CT | UIUC wind tunnel | Production configuration | APC Sport | 1,219 | 0.01056 | 0.01214 | -0.006298 | 0.8928 |
| Propeller | CP | UIUC wind tunnel | Production configuration | APC Sport | 1,219 | 0.01134 | 0.01251 | -0.01125 | 0.8075 |
| Propeller | CT | UIUC wind tunnel | Physics-only configuration | APC Sport | 1,219 | 0.01056 | 0.01214 | -0.006298 | 0.8928 |
| Propeller | CP | UIUC wind tunnel | Physics-only configuration | APC Sport | 1,219 | 0.01134 | 0.01251 | -0.01125 | 0.8075 |
| Propeller | CT | UIUC wind tunnel | Production configuration | All | 1,680 | 0.01087 | 0.01261 | -0.007211 | 0.9105 |
| Propeller | CP | UIUC wind tunnel | Production configuration | All | 1,680 | 0.01190 | 0.01354 | -0.01179 | 0.7728 |
| Propeller | CT | UIUC wind tunnel | Physics-only configuration | All | 1,680 | 0.01087 | 0.01261 | -0.007211 | 0.9105 |
| Propeller | CP | UIUC wind tunnel | Physics-only configuration | All | 1,680 | 0.01190 | 0.01354 | -0.01179 | 0.7728 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno (extended) | Production configuration | APC Slow Flyer | 861 | 0.01005 | 0.01192 | -0.007818 | 0.9487 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno (extended) | Production configuration | APC Slow Flyer | 861 | 0.01089 | 0.01296 | -0.01068 | 0.6366 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno (extended) | Physics-only configuration | APC Slow Flyer | 861 | 0.01005 | 0.01192 | -0.007818 | 0.9487 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno (extended) | Physics-only configuration | APC Slow Flyer | 861 | 0.01089 | 0.01296 | -0.01068 | 0.6366 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno (extended) | Production configuration | APC Sport | 2,541 | 0.007687 | 0.009452 | -0.003018 | 0.9331 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno (extended) | Production configuration | APC Sport | 2,541 | 0.01139 | 0.01340 | -0.01125 | 0.7914 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno (extended) | Physics-only configuration | APC Sport | 2,541 | 0.007687 | 0.009452 | -0.003018 | 0.9331 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno (extended) | Physics-only configuration | APC Sport | 2,541 | 0.01139 | 0.01340 | -0.01125 | 0.7914 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno (extended) | Production configuration | APC Thin Electric | 3,218 | 0.01040 | 0.01307 | -0.007754 | 0.8886 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno (extended) | Production configuration | APC Thin Electric | 3,218 | 0.006797 | 0.01030 | -0.005860 | 0.7887 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno (extended) | Physics-only configuration | APC Thin Electric | 3,218 | 0.01040 | 0.01307 | -0.007754 | 0.8886 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno (extended) | Physics-only configuration | APC Thin Electric | 3,218 | 0.006797 | 0.01030 | -0.005860 | 0.7887 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno (extended) | Production configuration | All | 6,620 | 0.009313 | 0.01165 | -0.005944 | 0.9163 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno (extended) | Production configuration | All | 6,620 | 0.009092 | 0.01193 | -0.008558 | 0.8010 |
| Propeller | CT | bench dyno (extended) | Physics-only configuration | All | 6,620 | 0.009313 | 0.01165 | -0.005944 | 0.9163 |
| Propeller | CP | bench dyno (extended) | Physics-only configuration | All | 6,620 | 0.009092 | 0.01193 | -0.008558 | 0.8010 |
Fast model against the full model
Thrust, torque and in-plane force in angled flow, in coaxial stacks and in descent are compared against the production Full model, not against measurements. No measured angled-flow or coaxial propeller data exists in this repository, so these rows say how far the two models are apart, not how far either is from reality. The axial rows above are measurements against wind-tunnel data.
Axial accuracy, by propeller family
| Family | Test group | Channel | n | Full model | Fast model | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| APC Thin Electric | Performance test group | CT | 1,542 | +13.9% | +14.6% | +0.679% |
| APC Thin Electric | Performance test group | CP | 1,542 | +23.9% | +17.0% | -6.84% |
| All | Performance test group | CT | 1,542 | +13.9% | +14.6% | +0.679% |
| All | Performance test group | CP | 1,542 | +23.9% | +17.0% | -6.84% |
| APC Slow Flyer | Separate test group | CT | 461 | +41.6% | +21.4% | -20.2% |
| APC Slow Flyer | Separate test group | CP | 461 | +29.7% | +35.9% | +6.21% |
| APC Sport | Separate test group | CT | 1,219 | +32.4% | +19.8% | -12.5% |
| APC Sport | Separate test group | CP | 1,219 | +36.5% | +25.6% | -10.8% |
| All | Separate test group | CT | 1,680 | +35.0% | +20.3% | -14.7% |
| All | Separate test group | CP | 1,680 | +34.6% | +28.5% | -6.17% |
| APC Slow Flyer | Development group | CT | 861 | +44.0% | +21.5% | -22.6% |
| APC Slow Flyer | Development group | CP | 861 | +36.1% | +42.5% | +6.38% |
| APC Sport | Development group | CT | 2,541 | +36.4% | +15.0% | -21.4% |
| APC Sport | Development group | CP | 2,541 | +39.2% | +23.1% | -16.1% |
| APC Thin Electric | Development group | CT | 3,218 | +14.3% | +16.2% | +1.92% |
| APC Thin Electric | Development group | CP | 3,218 | +22.8% | +17.2% | -5.56% |
| All | Development group | CT | 6,620 | +27.1% | +16.4% | -10.7% |
| All | Development group | CP | 6,620 | +30.8% | +22.7% | -8.04% |
Angled flow, coaxial stacks and descent, by operating condition
| Condition | Conditions | Inside the band | Outside | Not compared | Accepted band | Largest thrust difference | Largest torque difference | Largest in-plane force difference | Largest thrust difference (N) | Largest torque difference (N·m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Axial | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | Not gated here | +3.10e+3% | +95.4% | — | 3.873 | 0.05084 |
| Coaxial stack | 288 | 76 | 206 | 6 | ±20% | +168% | +53.1% | -46.2% | 3.780 | 0.07148 |
| Descent, inside the vortex-ring band | 84 | 0 | 60 | 24 | ±1% | +160% | -72.4% | — | 10.06 | 0.3673 |
| Descent, outside the band | 240 | 34 | 200 | 6 | ±10% | +157% | -91.5% | -84.5% | 5.055 | 0.4566 |
| Angled flow | 24 | 8 | 16 | 0 | ±15% | +348% | +60.1% | -36.9% | 3.725 | 0.07947 |
Per-propeller results
| Case | Family | Partition | n | In-box | CP | CT | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bias | MAE | R² | RMSE | Bias | MAE | R² | RMSE | |||||
| 10x10 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 121 | 100% | -0.01463 | 0.01466 | 0.5853 | 0.01625 | 0.0009293 | 0.006732 | 0.9607 | 0.007738 |
| 10x3 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 77 | 100% | -0.005926 | 0.005926 | -0.3828 | 0.006010 | -0.007465 | 0.007803 | 0.8461 | 0.008397 |
| 10x4 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 101 | 100% | -0.01005 | 0.01005 | -0.4307 | 0.01013 | -0.01175 | 0.01175 | 0.8309 | 0.01224 |
| 10x4.7SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | bench dyno (extended) | 129 | 100% | -0.01156 | 0.01158 | -0.1662 | 0.01286 | -0.01235 | 0.01285 | 0.9073 | 0.01362 |
| 10x5 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 115 | 100% | -0.01109 | 0.01109 | -0.2735 | 0.01120 | -0.01302 | 0.01302 | 0.8169 | 0.01354 |
| 10x5E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 120 | 100% | -0.007065 | 0.007065 | 0.4693 | 0.007412 | -0.01004 | 0.01004 | 0.8851 | 0.01098 |
| 10x6 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 135 | 100% | -0.01310 | 0.01310 | -0.02894 | 0.01332 | -0.01445 | 0.01450 | 0.8105 | 0.01551 |
| 10x7 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 118 | 100% | -0.008354 | 0.008357 | 0.5859 | 0.008992 | -0.003646 | 0.005366 | 0.9654 | 0.006557 |
| 10x7E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 140 | 100% | -0.006690 | 0.006690 | 0.7164 | 0.007321 | -0.006546 | 0.006947 | 0.9428 | 0.008408 |
| 10x7SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | bench dyno (extended) | 134 | 100% | -0.007531 | 0.007897 | 0.7904 | 0.009293 | -0.004156 | 0.005912 | 0.9824 | 0.007044 |
| 10x8 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 132 | 100% | -0.008679 | 0.008822 | 0.6826 | 0.009566 | -0.004864 | 0.006716 | 0.9521 | 0.008069 |
| 10x9 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 143 | 100% | -0.01345 | 0.01345 | 0.5661 | 0.01416 | -0.005041 | 0.006642 | 0.9570 | 0.008072 |
| 11x10E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 156 | 100% | -0.007948 | 0.008626 | 0.7474 | 0.009880 | -0.004276 | 0.006562 | 0.9514 | 0.007761 |
| 11x3 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 85 | 100% | -0.007695 | 0.007695 | -1.610 | 0.007736 | -0.009470 | 0.009575 | 0.7826 | 0.01017 |
| 11x3.8SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | bench dyno (extended) | 109 | 100% | -0.009408 | 0.009575 | -1.654 | 0.01202 | -0.003850 | 0.005603 | 0.9776 | 0.006637 |
| 11x4 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 94 | 100% | -0.009292 | 0.009292 | -0.4817 | 0.009371 | -0.008833 | 0.009350 | 0.8640 | 0.01020 |
| 11x4.7SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | bench dyno (extended) | 119 | 100% | -0.01234 | 0.01236 | -0.5094 | 0.01398 | -0.01239 | 0.01273 | 0.9165 | 0.01394 |
| 11x5 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 105 | 100% | -0.01150 | 0.01150 | -0.3183 | 0.01163 | -0.01370 | 0.01377 | 0.7959 | 0.01463 |
| 11x5.5E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 98 | 100% | -0.0006450 | 0.001798 | 0.9243 | 0.002263 | 0.001880 | 0.003805 | 0.9743 | 0.004630 |
| 11x6 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 123 | 100% | -0.01429 | 0.01429 | -0.2835 | 0.01447 | -0.01544 | 0.01550 | 0.7887 | 0.01659 |
| 11x7 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 135 | 100% | -0.01511 | 0.01511 | -0.07413 | 0.01534 | -0.01437 | 0.01445 | 0.8274 | 0.01570 |
| 11x7E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 125 | 100% | -0.005205 | 0.005218 | 0.7616 | 0.006090 | -0.006492 | 0.006813 | 0.9409 | 0.008544 |
| 11x7SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | bench dyno (extended) | 126 | 100% | -0.01749 | 0.01749 | 0.2297 | 0.01824 | -0.01706 | 0.01706 | 0.8947 | 0.01800 |
| 11x8 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 141 | 100% | -0.01301 | 0.01301 | 0.2679 | 0.01336 | -0.01099 | 0.01107 | 0.8944 | 0.01238 |
| 11x8.5E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 141 | 100% | -0.003795 | 0.004863 | 0.8681 | 0.005423 | -0.001402 | 0.005168 | 0.9730 | 0.005732 |
| 11x8E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 131 | 100% | -0.003165 | 0.004167 | 0.8735 | 0.004741 | -0.002942 | 0.005774 | 0.9632 | 0.006620 |
| 11x9 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 146 | 100% | -0.01517 | 0.01517 | 0.1580 | 0.01556 | -0.01176 | 0.01176 | 0.8613 | 0.01333 |
| 14x12E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 107 | 100% | 0.002108 | 0.003638 | 0.9128 | 0.004499 | 0.008109 | 0.008243 | 0.9016 | 0.009776 |
| 14x13 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 118 | 100% | -0.008960 | 0.009042 | 0.7175 | 0.009827 | -0.001950 | 0.004721 | 0.9757 | 0.005622 |
| 17x12E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 117 | 100% | -0.004965 | 0.004972 | 0.8049 | 0.005658 | -0.0006882 | 0.006520 | 0.9119 | 0.008840 |
| 19x12E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 94 | 100% | -0.002862 | 0.003239 | 0.8435 | 0.004051 | -0.0006024 | 0.005538 | 0.9527 | 0.006585 |
| 7x6 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 117 | 100% | -0.004211 | 0.004300 | 0.9232 | 0.004689 | 0.01087 | 0.01087 | 0.8677 | 0.01127 |
| 7x9 (Propeller) | APC Sport | UIUC wind tunnel | 150 | 100% | -0.01304 | 0.01343 | 0.6381 | 0.01484 | -0.005240 | 0.01255 | 0.8292 | 0.01380 |
| 8x10 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 150 | 99% | -0.02792 | 0.02792 | 0.07648 | 0.02954 | -0.004659 | 0.01100 | 0.8884 | 0.01298 |
| 8x3.8SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | UIUC wind tunnel | 97 | 100% | -0.007006 | 0.007471 | 0.08459 | 0.01019 | -0.001928 | 0.007526 | 0.9570 | 0.008710 |
| 8x4 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 87 | 100% | -0.005207 | 0.005207 | 0.6670 | 0.005383 | 0.001878 | 0.004538 | 0.9554 | 0.005678 |
| 8x4E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 92 | 100% | -0.007616 | 0.007616 | 0.4243 | 0.007835 | -0.007818 | 0.007818 | 0.9310 | 0.008443 |
| 8x5 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 108 | 100% | -0.006803 | 0.006803 | 0.6756 | 0.006932 | 0.005155 | 0.005674 | 0.9366 | 0.007608 |
| 8x6 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 132 | 100% | -0.009850 | 0.009850 | 0.6223 | 0.009986 | 0.003038 | 0.004335 | 0.9733 | 0.005691 |
| 8x6E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 131 | 100% | -0.02000 | 0.02000 | -0.3154 | 0.02036 | -0.01739 | 0.01739 | 0.7652 | 0.01825 |
| 8x6SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | bench dyno (extended) | 133 | 100% | -0.01323 | 0.01323 | 0.4883 | 0.01454 | -0.008513 | 0.009896 | 0.9392 | 0.01172 |
| 8x7 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 135 | 100% | -0.003145 | 0.003992 | 0.9315 | 0.004576 | 0.006122 | 0.006718 | 0.9464 | 0.008187 |
| 8x8 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 148 | 100% | -0.01336 | 0.01336 | 0.5484 | 0.01358 | 0.0002972 | 0.003594 | 0.9852 | 0.004167 |
| 8x8E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 160 | 100% | -0.03015 | 0.03015 | -0.4476 | 0.03094 | -0.02273 | 0.02273 | 0.6357 | 0.02483 |
| 8x9 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 160 | 100% | -0.02207 | 0.02207 | -0.2009 | 0.02233 | -0.0003021 | 0.004235 | 0.9720 | 0.005254 |
| 9x10 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 145 | 100% | -0.004337 | 0.005404 | 0.9038 | 0.006290 | -0.0005131 | 0.009344 | 0.9145 | 0.01067 |
| 9x3.8SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | UIUC wind tunnel | 96 | 100% | -0.005602 | 0.006083 | 0.1131 | 0.008069 | -0.0009516 | 0.004866 | 0.9777 | 0.006046 |
| 9x4.5E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 93 | 100% | -0.006363 | 0.006363 | 0.4812 | 0.006934 | -0.007494 | 0.007494 | 0.9183 | 0.008944 |
| 9x4.7SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | bench dyno (extended) | 111 | 100% | -0.002168 | 0.003086 | 0.8226 | 0.004874 | 0.005353 | 0.005544 | 0.9791 | 0.006566 |
| 9x6 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 130 | 100% | -0.01091 | 0.01091 | 0.4241 | 0.01114 | -0.007238 | 0.007692 | 0.9416 | 0.008737 |
| 9x6E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 128 | 100% | -0.007431 | 0.007431 | 0.6730 | 0.008280 | -0.008558 | 0.008687 | 0.9189 | 0.01084 |
| 9x6SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | UIUC wind tunnel | 141 | 100% | -0.01717 | 0.01717 | 0.1582 | 0.01841 | -0.01649 | 0.01667 | 0.8646 | 0.01837 |
| 9x7 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 136 | 100% | -0.004713 | 0.005098 | 0.8561 | 0.005760 | -0.001158 | 0.004109 | 0.9823 | 0.004679 |
| 9x7.5E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 127 | 100% | -0.01709 | 0.01709 | 0.1833 | 0.01818 | -0.01583 | 0.01605 | 0.7965 | 0.01849 |
| 9x7.5SF (Propeller) | APC Slow Flyer | UIUC wind tunnel | 127 | 100% | -0.01925 | 0.01925 | 0.2719 | 0.02047 | -0.01444 | 0.01444 | 0.9121 | 0.01517 |
| 9x8 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 132 | 100% | -0.007283 | 0.007435 | 0.8282 | 0.008360 | 0.004624 | 0.006083 | 0.9616 | 0.007356 |
| 9x9 (Propeller) | APC Sport | bench dyno (extended) | 141 | 100% | -0.01157 | 0.01157 | 0.6526 | 0.01291 | 0.005580 | 0.005927 | 0.9498 | 0.007619 |
| 9x9E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 141 | 100% | -0.02063 | 0.02063 | 0.1866 | 0.02222 | -0.01883 | 0.01992 | 0.6990 | 0.02329 |
| 12x10E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 174 | 99% | -0.003599 | 0.005502 | 0.9086 | 0.006185 | -0.007794 | 0.01326 | 0.9083 | 0.01443 |
| 12x6E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 128 | 100% | -0.002517 | 0.002997 | 0.8618 | 0.004093 | -0.006365 | 0.008811 | 0.9035 | 0.01201 |
| 12x8E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 151 | 100% | -0.003384 | 0.004271 | 0.8615 | 0.005715 | -0.008604 | 0.01192 | 0.8876 | 0.01490 |
| 13x10E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 212 | 100% | -0.0008013 | 0.004370 | 0.8979 | 0.005276 | -0.005564 | 0.01138 | 0.9194 | 0.01225 |
| 13x6.5E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 188 | 100% | -0.002573 | 0.002815 | 0.8826 | 0.003749 | -0.006225 | 0.008150 | 0.9183 | 0.01050 |
| 13x8E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 187 | 100% | -0.001543 | 0.003360 | 0.8919 | 0.004044 | -0.005583 | 0.009409 | 0.9198 | 0.01084 |
| 14x10E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 169 | 100% | 0.002008 | 0.003363 | 0.9205 | 0.004002 | -0.001257 | 0.007347 | 0.9574 | 0.008179 |
| 14x7E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 149 | 100% | -0.0003375 | 0.002076 | 0.9369 | 0.002501 | -0.002168 | 0.006453 | 0.9499 | 0.007874 |
| 14x8.5E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 147 | 100% | -0.002224 | 0.002678 | 0.9139 | 0.003526 | -0.006264 | 0.008488 | 0.9304 | 0.01012 |
| 16x10E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 165 | 100% | -0.004207 | 0.004538 | 0.7952 | 0.005814 | -0.01137 | 0.01216 | 0.8524 | 0.01457 |
| 16x12E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 138 | 100% | -0.001010 | 0.003663 | 0.9149 | 0.004493 | -0.006328 | 0.009829 | 0.9217 | 0.01114 |
| 16x8E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 146 | 99% | -0.001204 | 0.002404 | 0.8894 | 0.002933 | -0.006180 | 0.007879 | 0.9125 | 0.009481 |
| 18x10E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 140 | 100% | -0.003589 | 0.003970 | 0.8120 | 0.004915 | -0.01021 | 0.01085 | 0.8671 | 0.01329 |
| 18x12E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 138 | 100% | -0.001987 | 0.003184 | 0.8939 | 0.003901 | -0.007987 | 0.009411 | 0.9111 | 0.01069 |
| 18x8E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 177 | 100% | -0.002389 | 0.002903 | 0.8229 | 0.003547 | -0.007810 | 0.008983 | 0.8754 | 0.01102 |
| 20x10E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno (extended) | 124 | 100% | -0.005410 | 0.005410 | 0.6147 | 0.006102 | -0.01288 | 0.01290 | 0.7932 | 0.01504 |
| 21x13E (Propeller) | APC Thin Electric | bench dyno | 126 | 100% | -0.001432 | 0.003263 | 0.8983 | 0.004062 | -0.004178 | 0.007542 | 0.9397 | 0.009052 |
Data sources
- UIUC Propeller Data Site, Volume 1 — APC Thin Electric / Slow Flyer / Sport — Brandt, J. B. and Selig, M. S., 'Propeller Performance Data at Low Reynolds Numbers', AIAA 2011-1255, January 2011; Brandt 2005 UIUC M.S. thesis. (revision: e60b6ff97f78)
- UIUC Propeller Data Site, Volume 4 — APC Thin Electric — Dantsker, O. D., Caccamo, M., Deters, R. W. and Selig, M. S., 'Performance Testing of APC Electric Fixed-Blade UAV Propellers', AIAA 2022-4020, June 2022. (revision: e4c6b24c399e)
- T-Motor published bench dataset (curated corpus) — Manufacturer-published product-page test tables, curated and energy-consistency filtered. (revision: bcd9bcaba479)
- Independent third-party motor bench — Commercial laboratory dataset; source withheld under its terms of use. Used for aggregate metrics only. (revision: cb506f184793)